Sufficient minute ventilation ensures physiological normocapnia (PaCO 2 4.5–6 kPa), hypoventilation causes hypercapnia, and hyperventilation, on the contrary, hypocapnia. increased venous blood desaturation with cardiac dysfunction plus one or more of the above 5 factors.abnormal gas exchange at the alveolocapillary membrane.intrapulmonary R-L shunts (intrapulmonary shunt).V/Q ratio (ventilation-perfusion ratio).The following abnormalities lead to hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia: In a simplified view, these are disorders of ventilation, distribution, diffusion and perfusion. Respiratory failure is classified based on the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. 5 Division of respiratory failure according to blood gas values.4.1 Ventilation-perfusion ratio and its disorders. 2.3 Distribution disorders - combined disorders.2.2 Distribution disorders - restriction.2.1 Distribution disorders - obstruction.
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